GALLUP NEWS SERVICE
PRINCETON, NJ -- The outcome of the recently settled strike at United Parcel Service, and Americans' reaction to that strike, have left many observers wondering what effect this conflict will have on business and labor relations over the next few years. The answer may partially depend on whether public support for the UPS workers rather than management represents a national trend in favor of labor unions or a specific reaction to this strike.
A Gallup survey taken a week before the UPS settlement was announced found that Americans heavily favored the striking UPS workers over the UPS company, by a 55% to 27% margin. This could be taken as encouraging news for the labor movement, particularly given the perceived blow labor took in 1981 when Ronald Reagan waged an aggressive and publicly popular show-down with Patco, the air-traffic controllers union. In that strike, 52% of Americans sided with the government and only 29% with the workers -- a near reversal of the current UPS figures.
But the UPS strike is not the first time since Patco that the public has sided with a striking union over management. In 1989 when Eastern Airlines union workers walked off the job, 57% of Americans sided with the workers compared to just 23% who sided with the company.
No Clear Trends in Public Support of Strikes
While the last two strikes measured by Gallup found the public on
labor's side, Gallup polls going back sixty years suggest that
public opinion about strikes, historically, has not followed
consistent patterns. Rather, the public's reaction appears more
related to the specific workers and industries involved in each
dispute. There are too few examples to provide a clear historical
picture, but it is evident that if public support in most of the
strikes measured by Gallup were to be used as an indicator of where
public sympathies would lie in the next major strike, the
prediction would generally have been wrong.
In the late 1940s, for example, when workers in several major industries went on strike, public sympathies differed sharply from one strike to the next in just a three-year span. In 1946 Americans moderately favored workers over management in strikes involving the electrical, steel, and meat packing industries, by 14-15 percentage point margins. In 1947, Americans favored the telephone workers over management in their strike by an even larger margin (24 points). Just two years later, however, Americans solidly favored management over the workers in the coal miners strike led by the prominent labor union leader, John L. Lewis.
Since then, public sympathies have alternated between workers and management in several major strikes. In 1955 Americans sided with Ford Motors workers over management by a 24 point margin. In another Ford strike in 1967, the public switched sympathies, siding with management over workers by a 14 point margin. More recently, in 1981, Americans favored the government over air traffic controllers by a 23 point margin. Just a few years later, in 1989, Americans favored striking Eastern Airlines union workers over their management by a 34 point margin.
Basic Indicators are Stable
Apart from public reactions to specific strikes, Gallup's long-term
measures on labor suggest that basic attitudes have been quite
stable over the last ten to fifteen years. Approximately six in ten
Americans tended to approve of labor unions, while just three in
ten have disapproved. At the same time, Gallup surveys have
consistently found low levels of confidence in organized labor as
an institution, and in labor union leaders' honesty and ethical
standards.
The good news for organized labor is that corporate America fares no better in the image department. Today, the percentage of Americans who have high confidence in labor unions and big business is only 23% and 28%, respectively. Similarly, according to a Gallup survey taken late last year, the percentages who think union leaders and business executives have high honesty and ethical standards are only 16% and 17%, respectively. These ratings put both groups near the bottom of the lists of institutions and professions tested by Gallup.
The bad news for organized labor is that their confidence ratings over the last decade (at 23% today) represent a moderate decline in public perceptions since the mid 1980s, when the figure was closer to 30%. Ratings for organized labor were even higher in the 1970s when up to 39% of Americans expressed high levels of confidence.
One reason for the long-term drop in public confidence in labor union leaders could be the decline in labor union membership among American workers. In the current survey 17% of respondents indicate that they or someone in their household belong to a labor union. That represents a 5-point decline since the early 1980s when Gallup found 23% of households included a union member.
UPS Strike Sparks Public Interest
Although it wasn't in the news for long, Americans said they paid
relatively close attention to the news about the UPS strike. In
fact, more Americans said they followed the UPS strike than than
said they followed any other news story measured by Gallup this
year, including the Paula Jones suit against President Clinton
(closely followed by 59%), the adultery case of Air Force
Lieutenant Kelly Flinn (followed by 55%), and the budget
negotiations between Clinton and Congress in May (followed by only
49%).
Americans high interest in the UPS news story, however, is not strongly related to the impact the strike had on them, personally. The Gallup Poll found that only 28% of Americans felt they were negatively affected by the interruption in parcel services caused by the walkout at UPS. The rest said they were not affected.
METHODOLOGY
The results are based on telephone interviews with a randomly
selected national sample of 819 adults, 18 years and older,
conducted August 12-13, 1997. For results based on samples of this
size, one can say with 95 percent confidence that the error
attributable to sampling and other random effects could be plus or
minus 4 percentage points. In addition to sampling error, question
wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can
introduce error or bias into the findings of public opinion
polls.
From what you've heard or read, whose side do you favor in the UPS strike -- the UPS company, or, the union workers who are on strike?(ROTATED)
| The UPS company | 27% |
| The union workers | 55% |
| Both sides equally (vol.) | 4% |
| Neither (vol.) | 6% |
| No opinion | 8% |
| ___ 100% |
As you may know, union workers for UPS -- the United Parcel Service that delivers packages throughout the United States -- are currently on strike. How closely have you followed the news about this strike -- very closely, somewhat closely, not too closely, or not at all?
| Very closely | 30% | |
| Somewhat closely | 47% | |
| Not too closely | 19% | |
| Not at all | 5% | |
| No opinion | * | |
| ___ 100% |
||
| * Less than 0.5% | ||
| Gallup Poll Historical Trends | |||
| Side Favored in Strike | |||
| Management/employer | Striking workers | ||
| 1997 | UPS | 27% | 55 |
| 1989 | Eastern Airlines | 23% | 57 |
| 1981 | Air Traffic controllers | 52% | 29 |
| 1967 | Ford Motor Company | 40% | 26 |
| 1959 | Steel industry | 32% | 28 |
| 1955 | Ford Motor Company | 23% | 47 |
| 1949 | Coal miners | 44% | 27 |
| 1947 | Telephone workers | 24% | 48 |
| 1946 | Electrical industry | 15% | 29 |
| 1946 | Steel industry | 20% | 34 |
| 1946 | Meat packers | 16% | 31 |
| 1946 | General Motors | 24% | 33 |
| 1945 | General Motors | 40% | 37 |
| 1937 | Ford Motor Company | 66% | 34 |
| 1937 | Steel industry | 41% | 35 |
| 1937 | General Motors | 37% | 34 |
