GOP Maintains Edge in State Party Affiliation in 2016

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Republican states continue to outnumber Democratic states based on residents' party affiliation throughout 2016. Overall, Gallup classifies 21 states as solid or leaning Republican, 14 as solid or leaning Democratic, and 15 states as competitive. That seven-state GOP advantage contrasts with a 30-state Democratic advantage in 2008.

	Solid Democratic	Lean Democratic	Competitive	Lean Republican	Solid Republican	Net Democratic
2016	13	1	15	7	14	-7
2015	11	3	16	8	12	-6
2014	11	6	18	5	10	+2
2013	12	5	19	2	12	+3
2012	13	6	19	3	9	+7
2011	11	7	15	7	10	+1
2010	13	9	18	5	5	+12
2009	23	10	12	1	4	+28
2008	29	6	10	1	4	+30
Solid states: party has 10-point advantage; Leaning states: party has five- to nine-point advantage; Competitive states: parties within five points of each other
Gallup

Although there are more Republican states, the Democratic states tend to be more populous. As a result, Democrats maintain a slight edge in party affiliation nationwide, 47% to 42%. This Democratic advantage, too, has declined considerably since 2008, one of the stronger Democratic years on record, when Democrats led 52% to 40%. That year, Republican President George W. Bush's job approval ratings hovered around 30% as the nation dealt with the worst economic problems seen in generations, while still engaged in two prolonged wars overseas.

Gallup's state party affiliation scores represent the difference between the percentage of Democrats (including Democratic-leaning independents) and Republicans (including Republican-leaning independents) in each state. Including party "leaners" in this calculation helps ensure the metric provides a good indication of each party's strength in a state, because independents who express a party leaning typically vote for that party in elections.

States in which a party has a 10-percentage-point or greater advantage in party affiliation are considered "solid" for that party. States in which a party has a five- to nine-point advantage are considered "leaning" for that party. The remaining states, those in which the percentages of Republicans and Democrats are within five percentage points of each other, are considered "competitive." The full data for all states are shown at the end of the article.

The classification of states based on their party affiliation strongly corresponds with how those states voted in the 2016 presidential election. Donald Trump won all 21 solid or leaning Republican states, while Hillary Clinton won all 14 solid or leaning Democratic states.

Trump won nine of the 15 competitive states, including Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, North Carolina, Florida, Arizona, Georgia, Texas and Louisiana. Of those, Michigan may have been the most unlikely win for Trump, because it is the most Democratic of the competitive states, with a nearly five-point Democratic edge.

Clinton won the remaining six competitive states, including Minnesota, Maine, Virginia, Colorado, Nevada and New Hampshire. Her most unlikely win based on state party identification was in New Hampshire, which tilts Republican by four points.

The 2016 results are based on interviews with 177,778 U.S. adults conducted as part of Gallup Daily tracking. Gallup interviewed at least 500 residents in each state, including 1,000 or more in 40 states. Each state sample was weighted by the state's population characteristics to ensure it is demographically representative of the state.

Vermont, Massachusetts Most Democratic; Wyoming Most Republican State

The 10 most Republican and 10 most Democratic states have remained fairly constant across the nine years Gallup has been compiling state partisanship data regularly. Eight of the 10 most Democratic states in this year's top 10 have appeared in the top 10 all nine years Gallup has compiled data. The other two (Connecticut and Delaware) have been in the top 10 eight of the nine years.

Different states have led the list as the most Democratic state in past years, including Rhode Island, Maryland, Hawaii, New York, Massachusetts and Vermont. Vermont and Massachusetts essentially tie for first this year, with Maryland close behind.

	Democratic advantage
	pct. pts.
Vermont	25.5
Massachusetts	24.9
Maryland	23.2
New York	21.1
Delaware	19.3
Hawaii	18.7
California	18.3
Connecticut	18.3
Illinois	17.9
Rhode Island	15.0
Gallup Daily

Wyoming ranks as the most Republican state this year, as it has in each of the last four years as well as in 2009 and 2010. Utah was the most Republican state the three years Wyoming was not. Idaho has also consistently finished among the top three most Republican states. Kansas is the only other state to rank in the top 10 all nine years, while North Dakota, Alabama and Montana have made the list eight of nine years. Alaska and Nebraska have each finished in the top 10 seven times, but were not among the most Republican states in 2016.

	Republican advantage
	pct. pts.
Wyoming	33.8
Utah	27.6
Idaho	26.2
South Dakota	22.7
North Dakota	20.9
Oklahoma	17.7
Alabama	17.0
Kansas	16.9
Montana	16.1
Arkansas	14.3
Gallup Daily

Party strength shows clear regional patterns. Most of the Democratic states are in the East and on the West Coast. The strongest Republican states tend to be in the South, Mountain West and Plains states.

All Movement Since 2008 in GOP's Direction

Although the states with the strongest Democratic or strongest Republican orientations have generally stayed the same since 2008, many others states have moved from favoring one party to the other, or from favoring one party to being competitive. All of this change has been in the Republican Party's direction. Democrats' big party advantage from 2008 persisted into 2009, Barack Obama's first year as president. Over the course of Obama's presidency, however, Democrats' strength has reverted to more typical levels, both nationally and in many states.

Many states classified as Democratic in both 2008 and 2009 are now listed as competitive, if not Republican, states in both 2015 and 2016. Five other states moved from competitive to solid Republican over the same time period.

Also of note, Iowa and Ohio, two other solid Democratic states in 2008 and 2009, were categorized as lean Republican for the first time in the 2016 data. Iowa and Ohio are typically listed among key battleground states in presidential elections. Obama won both states in 2008 and 2012, but Trump won each by roughly nine percentage points in 2016.

Implications

The relative strength of each party in a state, based on its residents' party self-identification and leaning, gives a good indication of how elections will play out. The GOP recovered from two historically weak years in 2008-2009, allowing it to win a majority in the U.S. House in 2010, a Senate majority in 2014, and ultimately the presidency in 2016. The Republican Party also claims the governorship in most states and majority control of most state legislatures after strong showings in recent elections.

How well elected Republicans perform on the job will influence the relative strength of the parties both nationally and within states in the coming years. Americans' dissatisfaction with unified Republican government in George W. Bush's second term led to the Democratic Party winning control of Congress in 2006, Obama winning the presidency and Democrats expanding their congressional majorities in 2008, a majority of Americans identifying or leaning Democratic, and only five states showing clear GOP leanings.

After President Obama's first year, his job approval ratings struggled to reach majority level after he and the Democrats passed legislation to expand the government's reach in the economy, business and industry, and healthcare, all while the economy struggled to recover. Now that Republicans again have unified control of government, states that have moved in a Republican direction in recent years could just as easily move toward the Democrats if Americans are unhappy with the performance of the GOP. If, on the other hand, Americans are generally satisfied with the job President Trump and Republicans are doing, the Republican Party could hold onto its recent gains.

These data are available in Gallup Analytics.

	Democrat/Lean Democratic	Republican/Lean Republican	Democratic advantage	N	State type
	%	%	pct. pts.
Vermont	55.2	29.7	25.5	501	Solid Dem
Massachusetts	54.1	29.2	24.9	3,868	Solid Dem
Maryland	54.5	31.3	23.2	3,201	Solid Dem
New York	52.9	31.8	21.1	10,452	Solid Dem
Delaware	53.4	34.1	19.3	505	Solid Dem
Hawaii	49.8	31.1	18.7	578	Solid Dem
California	50.3	32.0	18.3	17,506	Solid Dem
Connecticut	51.1	32.8	18.3	2,019	Solid Dem
Illinois	51.5	33.6	17.9	5,513	Solid Dem
Rhode Island	50.4	35.4	15.0	600	Solid Dem
Oregon	48.7	37.2	11.5	2,888	Solid Dem
New Jersey	47.8	36.9	10.9	4,662	Solid Dem
Washington	47.2	37.1	10.1	4,421	Solid Dem
New Mexico	44.4	38.9	5.5	1,451	Lean Dem
Michigan	43.7	38.8	4.9	4,986	Competitive
Minnesota	45.1	40.4	4.7	3,273	Competitive
Maine	43.6	39.7	3.9	956	Competitive
Pennsylvania	45.2	42.9	2.3	8,021	Competitive
Wisconsin	43.0	40.8	2.2	3,433	Competitive
North Carolina	43.2	41.7	1.5	5,808	Competitive
Florida	42.5	41.4	1.1	10,720	Competitive
Virginia	42.6	42.2	0.4	5,123	Competitive
Arizona	41.4	41.7	-0.3	4,402	Competitive
Colorado	42.4	43.0	-0.6	3,539	Competitive
Georgia	41.9	43.1	-1.2	5,282	Competitive
Nevada	41.1	42.6	-1.5	1,424	Competitive
Texas	38.6	42.5	-3.9	13,565	Competitive
New Hampshire	40.7	45.0	-4.3	718	Competitive
Louisiana	41.1	45.5	-4.4	2,409	Competitive
Ohio	40.4	45.5	-5.1	6,354	Lean Rep
Iowa	39.5	45.3	-5.8	2,074	Lean Rep
Indiana	37.2	45.2	-8.0	3,905	Lean Rep
Missouri	39.0	47.3	-8.3	3,452	Lean Rep
Alaska	36.9	45.4	-8.5	545	Lean Rep
West Virginia	39.6	48.6	-9.0	1,051	Lean Rep
Kentucky	39.9	49.1	-9.2	2,726	Lean Rep
Mississippi	37.7	48.6	-10.9	1,682	Solid Rep
Tennessee	36.8	48.3	-11.5	4,227	Solid Rep
South Carolina	36.1	48.2	-12.1	2,795	Solid Rep
Nebraska	36.2	48.6	-12.4	1,404	Solid Rep
Arkansas	34.3	48.6	-14.3	1,926	Solid Rep
Montana	34.7	50.8	-16.1	1,086	Solid Rep
Kansas	33.9	50.8	-16.9	1,793	Solid Rep
Alabama	34.8	51.8	-17.0	2,958	Solid Rep
Oklahoma	34.3	52.0	-17.7	2,720	Solid Rep
North Dakota	32.1	53.0	-20.9	567	Solid Rep
South Dakota	30.0	52.7	-22.7	539	Solid Rep
Idaho	29.4	55.6	-26.2	1,159	Solid Rep
Utah	28.6	56.2	-27.6	2,027	Solid Rep
Wyoming	27.0	60.8	-33.8	529	Solid Rep
Gallup Daily