U.S. Conservatism Down Since Start of 2020

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Americans' ideological bent has shifted in the first half of 2020 with fewer people self-identifying as politically conservative in May and June than at the start of the year. There has been a corresponding increase in self-described liberals while the percentage moderate has been fairly steady.

In January and February, an average of 40% of Americans identified as politically conservative. This was up from an average of 37% in 2019 and was tied for the highest rate of conservatism Gallup had recorded in the past six years. This coincided with President Donald Trump being acquitted of impeachment charges. It also came amidst strongly positive economic signals in the form of near-record-low unemployment and the Dow Jones Industrial Average reaching record highs.

Nevertheless, the percentage of Americans identifying as conservative reverted to an average 37% in March and April as the coronavirus pandemic emerged. It fell further to 34% in May and June as the pandemic has worn on, Trump's job approval rating has tumbled, and the racial justice movement emerged as a national focus following the death of George Floyd.

Meanwhile, the percentages identifying as liberal increased from an average of 22% in January/February to 26% in May/June.

Gallup measures Americans' ideology by asking respondents to describe their overall political views as either very conservative, conservative, moderate, liberal or very liberal.

The recent shifts in how Americans conceive of their political views mirror the decline in Republican Party identification -- and the corresponding increase in Democratic Party identification -- in the first half of 2020.

Conservatism Dips Most Among Middle-Aged, Upper-Income Adults

The decline in self-identified conservatism in 2020 has been seen about evenly among men and women, and among all political party groups.

However, it was more pronounced among adults in upper-income households as well as among middle-aged adults (aged 35 to 54) than their counterparts.

The conservative falloff has also been stronger among White and Hispanic Americans than Black Americans. Relatively few Black Americans (25%) identified as conservative in January/February, and thus there may have been less opportunity for the rate to decline.

% Conservative

	Jan/Feb	Mar/Apr	May/Jun	Change since Jan/Feb
	%	%	%	Pct. pts.
Gender
Men	44	41	38	-6
Women	36	33	31	-5
Age
18 to 34	28	25	25	-3
35 to 54	44	37	34	-10
55 and older	47	45	41	-6
Education
College graduate	31	28	25	-6
Not college graduate	46	41	40	-6
Household income
Less than $40,000	41	36	37	-4
$40,000 to $99,000	42	39	38	-4
$100,000+	40	35	29	-11
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White Americans	45	42	38	-7
Non-Hispanic Black Americans	25	27	22	-3
Hispanic Americans	37	29	31	-6
Type of community
Big/Small city	36	32	33	-3
Suburb	36	37	28	-8
Town/Rural area	50	43	43	-7
Party ID
Republicans	77	75	73	-4
Independents	32	28	28	-4
Democrats	14	13	11	-3
Based on combined data from Gallup's nationally representative telephone polls conducted in each time period
Gallup, 2020

Handful of Groups Are More Liberal Than Conservative

More broadly, in recent months, most subgroups of Americans remain more likely to call themselves conservative than liberal; however, young adults, college graduates, Black Americans and Democrats are the exceptions with more identifying as liberal than conservative. Still, aside from Democrats, all of these groups are most likely to identify as politically moderate.

	Conservative	Moderate	Liberal	Net conservative
	%	%	%	Pct. pts.
Gender
Men	38	36	22	+16
Women	31	35	30	+1
Age
18 to 34	25	36	35	-10
35 tp 54	34	38	25	+9
55 and older	41	34	21	+20
Education
College graduate	25	40	34	-9
Not college graduate	40	34	22	+18
Household income
Less than $40,000	37	31	29	+8
$40,000 to $99,999	38	36	25	+13
$100,000 or more	29	43	28	+1
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White Americans	38	34	25	+13
Non-Hispanic Black Americans	22	47	28	-6
Hispanic Americans	31	35	30	+1
Type of community
Big/Small city	33	36	28	+5
Suburb	28	40	31	-3
Town/Rural area	43	33	22	+21
Party ID
Republicans	73	20	5	+68
Independents	28	49	20	+8
Democrats	11	35	53	-42
Based on combined data from Gallup's nationally representative telephone polls conducted in each time period
Gallup, May-June 2020

Bottom Line

As the United States has been transformed in 2020 from an economically prosperous country to one crippled by high unemployment and a sharp drop in GDP, Americans' perspective on politics has shifted. Part of this may stem from the economic challenges created by COVID-19, compelling large majorities of Republicans and Democrats alike to support the $2.2 trillion economic relief package passed by Congress in March.

The downward trajectory of President Trump's job approval rating, from a term high of 49% in February to 38% in June, is likely contributing to Americans' swing to the left. When Trump was prevailing over a strong economy and fighting off impeachment, conservative ideals may have had more appeal than today when his approval has fallen below 40% and his administration is struggling to contain the coronavirus.

America's recent focus on racial justice may also be a factor, with the country evaluating the equity of policies related to education, employment and policing, among other systems in the U.S.

What 2020 has shown is that political ideology is not a fixed construct, but one that can quickly shift with the political or economic winds. Americans grew more conservative in early 2020, but that dissipated by the middle of the year. That could affect how voters react to candidates running on the label in November. However, with more economic and political news ahead in the second half of the year, Americans' attachment to these labels could change yet again.

Learn more about how the Gallup Poll Social Series works.